Literature On The Impacts Of Landslides Environmental Sciences Essay

Literature On The Impacts Of dirtslides Environmental Sciences EssayObjective of this chapter is to present all the lit available related to landslides and its impact to socio environment. It would include what ar innate disasters, priority of communicaterence of inwrought disasters, some thing somewhat Sri Lanka and subjective disasters in Sri Lanka something ab out landslides, landslides is the one and only(a) of main natural disasters for Hill inelegant, reasons for landslides in Sri Lanka specially in Ratnapura regularize, socio impact of natural landslides in Sri Lanka, mitigation of landslides in Sri Lanka.A natural casualty is a threat of an event that will have a negative effect on people or the environment. In recent historic period, growing cosmos and expansion of settlements and life-lines over hazardous heavenss have adultly increased the impact of natural disasters both in industrialized and developing countries. (Guzzetti.F, et al, landslide hazard ev aluation a review of current techniques and their application in a multi-scale study, Central Italy). Specially Asia and the peaceable is the worlds around disaster-prone region, accounting for 91 per cent of deaths from natural disasters in the prehistoric century and 49 per cent of the resulting economic deadening (ASIA PACIFIC ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK). It can be illustrated as follow. ( physique 2.2.1)Figure 2.2.1 Impacts of natural disasters in the menstruation 1900-2005Source EM DAT, the OFDA/CRED International adventure Data invertebrate foot, Univercity Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.Each division for the past 15 years, an average of 41,000 people have died in the region from natural disasters, which annually inflicted $29 one thousand thousand worth of wrongfulness. Of the worlds 10 most severe natural disasters in 2004, five farered in the Asian and Pacific region, causing handicap amounting to $55 billion, about 70 per cent of the heart and soul damage, estimated at $80 billion. Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific in 2007 presented major natural disaster events in the Asia and Pacific region from1988 to 2007.(Figure 2.2.2)Figure 2.2.2 Major natural disaster events in the Asian and Pacific region, 1988- 2007Source ASIA PACIFIC ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOKAt the coming together of Management of Landslide hazard, Japan Landslide Society (JLS) presented two reasons for that situation proceedred in the Asia-Pacific Region. This include countries difficulty to face the high costs of controlling natural hazards through major engineering works, rational land-use planning and different part of landscape had been subjected to broad range of disaster from time to time through out the history. The droughts, landslides, cyclone, wind, storms, soil erosion, Tsunami and coastal erosion are the common natural disasters while terrorism, violence, civil conflicts, explosions, industrial accidents, epidemics, gem mining, sand mining, fires def orestation are the man make disaster that affect the community of the Asia-Pacific.Since 1990 the region has suffered 50 per cent of the worlds major natural disasters when International Decade for Natural fortuity Reduction began. The total come in of deaths due to natural disasters in the region has exceeded 200,000 and the estimated damage to stead over this period has been estimated at US$ 100 billion (ASIA PACIFIC ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK).2.2.1 alluvial sedimentA flood is an overflow of an expanse of urine that submerges land, a deluge. Floods are the most common temper-related disaster in the region and include seasonal floods, film floods, urban floods due to inadequate d come downage facilities and floods associated with tidal events induced by typhoons in coastal areas. In Bangladesh, one of the most flood-prone countries in the region, as some as 80 jillion people are vulnerable to flooding each year (ESCAP, 1995a). In India, where a total of 40 million hectares is at essay from flooding each year, the average annual direct damage has been estimated at US$ 240 million, although this figure can increase to over US$ 1.5 billion with severe flood events. (ASIA PACIFIC ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK).Flooding is the most common natural hazard in Sri Lanka also. Heavy monsoon rain has moved(p) the south-central and South West of Sri Lanka, leading to the most serious flooding and landslides in over 50 years. Six districts are affected by the floods. This includes Ratnapura, Galle, Kalutara, Matara, Nuwara Eliya, and Hambantota disricts. Recent records indicate that Sri Lanka experiences large scale flooding every 2 to 3 years on average about 200,000 people are affected every year. The Government of Sri Lanka Disaster Operations Center has provided the following information on the affected areas(Table 2.2.1.1)Table 01 flooding areasDistrictAffected FamiliesDeathsHouses destroyedHouses partially damagedHambantota1,81222429932Kulatara21,55087,65835Galle36,70 3171,273560Matara68,075808,85017,822Ratnapura47,7561375,7266,902Nuwara Eliya13212860Source The Government of Sri Lanka Disaster Operations Center in that respect are 103 river basins in the island of which about 20 can be considered major basins of the five main rivers, the Kelani, Kalu, Gin, Nilwala and Mahaweli, which experience annual floods.Floods in Sri Lanka occur mainly due to excessive rainfall during the monsoons, and they normally occur during the Southwest monsoon and during the inter-monsoonal rains, just before and after the Northeast monsoon. Therefore, rivers turn up on the Western monger of the country become prone to flooding. . (Malalgoda M, et al, ITDG South Asia, 2002)2.2.2 EarthquakeAn seism is a sudden and sometimes catastrophic movement of a part of the earths surface. Earthquakes result from the dynamic release of elastic strain energy that radiates seismic waves. Earthquakes typically result from the movement of faults, planar zones of deformation inward ly the earths upper crust. (Cecil H, et al, Green Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at Scripps Institution of navalography). Earthquakes are enter with a seismometer, also known as a seismograph. At the Earths surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacing the ground. When a large earthquake epicenter is located offshore, the seabed sometimes suffers sufficient displacement to cause a tsunami. The shaking in earthquakes can also trigger landslides and occasionally volcanic activity.(Spence, William S. A. Sipkin, G. L. Choy (1989). Measuring the coat of an Earthquake, United States Geological Survey, 2006).Earthquakes are short-lived, menacing and the most feared natural hazards because of their sudden impact and dying in a matter of hardly a(prenominal) seconds inflicting immense losings of life and property. Therefore since we are not in a position to predict an earthquake, we must at least try to find out the scientific causes that c an lead to such catastrophic earthquakes. If not disaster due to earthquakes affects all segments of the community including individuals causing significant economic social impacts, severe damage to life human suffering, loss of property material wealth, environmental devastations, devastation of physical facilities (Banerjee R, et al Geomatics in Earthquake Mitigation, ESHD/MWRG-RESA, Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad).2.2.3 CyclonesCyclones are bulky revolving storms caused by winds blowing around a central area of low atmospheric pressure. In the northern hemisphere, cyclones are called hurricanes or typhoons and their winds blow in an anti-clockwise circle. In the southern hemisphere, these tropical storms are known as cyclones, whose winds blow in a clockwise circle. Cyclones develop over warm seas near the Equator. Air heated by the sun rises very swiftly, which creates areas of very low pressure. As the warm melodic line rises, it becomes loaded with moisture which condenses into massive thunderclouds. Cool air rushes in to fill the repeal that is left, but because of the constant turning of the Earth on its axis, the air is bent inwards and then spirals upwards with great force. The swirling winds rotate faster and faster, forming a Brobdingnagian circle which can be up to 2,000 km across. (Natural Disasters by Cindy, Lisa and Stacey).The Eastern Coast of Sri Lanka is prone to disastrous cyclones. The cyclone season is from November to December. About 83% of occurrences in the past have been during this period. In the instances where cyclones have hit Sri Lanka the effects have been devastating. The cyclone of 1964 hit the districts of Polonnaruwa, Anuradhapura, Mannar, Batticaloa and Amparai. This cyclone resulted in 75,000 people being affected and 280 deaths. The cyclone of 1978 affected nearly 1 million people and an estimated 100,000 people were make home slight. . (Malalgoda M, et al, ITDG South Asia, 2002)2.2.4 DroughtsDrough ts are caused by lack of rain over a long period of time. Most droughts tend to occur during summer, as the weather is hot and water is quickly evaporated. It has been observed that the impact of droughts differs widely between developed and developing countries because of the influence of such factors as water supply and water-use efficiency. The majority of the estimated 500 million rural poor in the Asia-Pacific region are subsistence farmers occupying mainly rain-fed land (ESCAP, 1995a). The drought-prone countries in this region are Afghanistan, Iran, Myanmar, Pakistan, Nepal, India, Sri Lanka and part of Bangladesh. The Philippines, Thailand, Australia and the Pacific islands of Fiji, Vanuatu and Samoa also contain drought-prone areas. (ASIA PACIFIC ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK)Dry spells and droughts are a recurrent feature of the natural climate of Sri Lanka.In the extreme nor-west Mannar and Kalpitiya areas and in the extreme southwest Yala area the mean annual rainfall drops belo w 1000mm. Hambantota, Moneragala and Puttlam are the administrative districts where drought is a regular phenomenon.2.3 Natural disasters in Sri Lanka2.3.1 About Sri LankaSri Lanka is an island in the Indian Ocean, located in Southern Asia, southeast of India, in a strategic location near major Indian Ocean sea lanes. It has a total area of 65,610 km, with 64,740 km of land and 870 km of water. Its coastline is 1,340 km long. Sri Lankas climate includes tropical monsoons the northeast monsoon (December to March), and the southwest monsoon (June to October). Its terrain is mostly low, direct to rolling plain, with mountains in the south-central interior. The highest point is Pidurutalagala at 2,524.13 m. Natural resources include limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay, hydropower.Extensive faulting and erosion over time have produced a wide range of topographic features, making Sri Lanka one of the most scenic places in the world. Three zones are distinguishable by elevation the Central Highlands, the plains, and the coastal belt.Sri Lankas climate can be described as tropical, and quite warm. Its position between 5 and 10 north latitude endows the country with a warm climate, moderated by ocean winds and considerable moisture. The mean temperature ranges from a low of 16C in Nuwara Eliya in the Central Highlands (where frost may occur for several long time in the winter) to a high of 32C in Trincomalee on the northeast coast (where temperatures may reach 38 C). As a unit the average yearly temperature for the country ranges from 28 to 30 C. Day and night temperatures may vary by 4 to 7. January is the coolest month, causing people, especially those in the highlands, to don coats and sweaters. may, the hottest period, precedes the summer monsoon rains.The rainfall pattern is influenced by the monsoon winds of the Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal and is marked by four seasons. The first is from mid-May to October, when winds originate in th e southwest, bringing moisture from the Indian Ocean. When these winds encounter the slopes of the Central Highlands, they unload heavy rains on the mountain slopes and the southwestern sector of the island. Some of the windward slopes receive up to 2500 mm of rain per month, but the leeward slopes in the east and northeast receive little rain. The second season occurs in October and November, inter monsoonal months. During this season, periodic squalls occur and sometimes tropical cyclones bring overcast skies and rains to the southwest, northeast, and eastern parts of the island. During the third season, December to March, monsoon winds come from the northeast, bringing moisture from the Bay of Bengal. The northeastern slopes of the mountains may be inundated with up to 1250 mm of rain during these months. Another inter monsoonal period occurs from March until mid-May, with light, variable winds and evening thundershowers.(Library of Congress Country Studies, which are United Stat es government generalations in the public domain, Geography of Sri Lanka).2.3.2 Natural disasters in Sri LankaAs a results of geological factors, weather condition, human activities recent records indicate that Sri Lanka is a disaster prone country since historical time. Different part of landscape had been subjected to wide range of disaster from time to time through out the history. But not scarcely natural disasters had been caused to cut in Sri Lanka as a disaster prone country, mane made disasters also subject to this situation. plot of land the droughts, Landslides, Cyclone, Wind, Storms, Soil erosion, Tsunami and costal erosion are the common natural disasters terrorism, violence, civil conflicts, explosions, industrial accidents, epidemics, gem mining, sand mining, fires deforestation are the man made disasters that affect the community of the country.(Jayaweera S, National Building Research Organization).Those natural disasters had been affected all segments of Sri La nkan community including individuals causing significant economic and social impacts, sever damage to life and human suffering, loss of property and material wealth, environmental devastation of physical facilities such as water supply, power generation and distribution, telecommunication, arterial roads linking the affected areas to other part of the country, township, health and education facilities. (Natural Disaster chance Management Programme. Community Based Disaster Reduction and Recovery. Through Participation of Communities and Local Self Governments).According to the relief distribution to the victims during past two decades, the most devastating natural hazard has been landslides and floods in terms of deaths and cost. Disaster due to landslides affects all segments of the community including individuals causing significant economic social impacts. During the past few years landslide incidents seem to be increasing in number and severity casing vulnerability of communit ies. ( Jayaweera S, National Building Research Organizatio)2.4 Landslides2.4.1 Something about LandslideA landslide is the down slope movement of sediment and rock. The word landslide also refers to the landforms that result from this action. Landslides are reflecting the many diverse landscapes (Evans, S.G, Landslides in A Synthesis of Geological Hazards in Canada, G.R. Brooks Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin, 2001)Landslides and mass movements are common phenomena in the world, from the recent past. Especially landslides spread from the Central hills to inhabit districts predominantly. This can be occurred in different sizes and it can be range form a single boulder that fell off a fall to a large area encompassing tens of square kilometers and millions of cubic meters of debris. And the speed of movement can range from extremely indisposed to extremely rapid. The slowest movement, creep, is on the order of a few centimeters to a few tens of centimeters per year. The faste st type of landslide, the rock avalanche, may reach velocities of up to 100 meters per second (360 kilometers per hour), which exceeds the speed of a race car. (Herath H.M.D.R, Department of SociologyUniversity of Peradeniya)Landslides move down slope under the influence of gravity although, if the geological material is particularly weak or sensitive or is saturated with water, gravity is less important. How the slope will fail and how the material will move is dependent on the specific geology and topography of the region. Some landslides move only a short distance, coming to a stop near the base of the slope others can travel several kilometers from the source. Some landslides will trigger sequent failures retrogress the head scarp back into the slope. (Evans, S.G. (2001),G.R. Brooks Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin).Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlanta, presented a specific areas which are to a greater extent likely to experienced landslides. They areA reas where wildfires or human modification of the land have destroyed vegetationAreas where landslides have occurred beforeSteep slopes and areas at the bottom of slopes or canyonsSlopes that have been altered for construction of buildings and roadsChannels along a stream or riverAreas where surface runoff is directed.2.4.2 Types of landslidesFigure 2.4.2.1 contestation Slide plot by J. Appleby, R. Kilbourne, and T. Spittler after Varnes, 1978A landslide involving bedrock in which the rock that moves remains largely intact for at least a portion of the movement. Rock slides can range in size from infinitesimal and thin to very large and thick, and are subject to a wide range of triggering mechanisms. Rock slides normally occur on relatively centre slopes in competent rocks. Slope gradients are commonly from 35% to as steep as 70%.Figure 2.4.2.2 EARTH FLOWplat by J. Appleby, R. Kilbourne, and T. Spittler after Varnes, 1978Earth flows commonly occur on moderately steep slopes. Slop e gradients are commonly from 10% to as steep as 30%, although steeper slopes may be found in head scarp and toe areas. Earth flows typically are initiated by periods of lengthen rainfall and sometimes dont initiate until well after a storm or the rainy season has passed. They are characteristically slow moving, in the millimeters or centimeters per day range, and may continue to move for a period of days to weeks after initiating.Figure 2.4.2.3 dust SLIDESourceDiagram by J.Appleby, R. Kilbourne, and T.Spittler after Varnes, 1978Debris slides typically move initially as shallow intact slabs of soil and vegetation, but break up after a short distance into falls and flows. Movement of the slide mass as a shallow slab leads to a smooth, steep, commonly curved scar. The debris is deposited at the base as a loose hummocky mass, although the deposit may be rapidly removed by erosion. Debris slides commonly occur on very steep slopes, as steep as 60% to 70%, usually in an area where the base of a slope is undercut by erosion.Figure 2.4.2.4 DEBRIS FLOWDiagram by J.Appleby, R. Kilbourne, and T.Spittler after Varnes, 1978Debris flows are most often triggered by intense rainfall following a period of less intense precipitation, or by rapid snow melt. High pore water pressures cause the soil and weathered rock to rapidly lose dominance and flow down slope. Debris flows can move very rapidly, at rates ranging from meters per hour to meters per second and travel relatively long distances, making them a significant threat to life and property. Debris flows commonly begin as a slide of a shallow mass of soil and weathered rock. Their most distinctive landform is the scar left by the original shallow slide. The path of the debris flow may be marked by a small drainage that has been stripped of vegetation. The debris flow may not leave any deposit if it flows directly into a larger creek and is immediately wear away away. Many debris flow deposits are ephemeral, but in som e cases successive debris flows may deposit material in the same area thereby forming a debris fan, which resembles a small, steep alluvial fan.Figure 2.4.2.5 ROCK FALLDiagram by J.Appleby, R. Kilbourne, and T.Spittler after Varnes, 1978Rock falls occur on steep slopes of hard, fractured rock. The scar left by a rock fall on the slope may be no more seeming than an area of rock that is less weathered than the surrounding rocks. Rock fall deposits are loose piles of rubble that may be easily removed by erosion. Because neither the scar nor the deposit are distinctive, and because the most shitly occurring rock falls are typically small, individual rock falls are usually not shown on regional-scale (124,000 and smaller) landslide maps. Though infrequent, moderate- to large-volume rock falls can be extremely dangerous and sometimes fatal. Large slabs of rock impacting a hard ledge after a long drop can rapidly break apart, leading to air entrainment and long run outs, induced air bla sts, airborne projectiles (fly rock) and severe dust clouds.(Varnes, D.J., 1978, Slope movement types and processes. In, Special Report, R.L. Schuster and R.J. Krizek, National Research Council, Washington)2.5 Landslides is one of the main natural disasters in hill countryWhile flooding is most significant for lowland, Landslides are the serious geologic hazard common to hill country. Recent rainfall in several parts of the country caused havoc by way of landslides in the hill country and floods in low lands including Colombo City. Present landslide density in the central highlands and the wet zone of Sri Lanka is estimated to be in the order of 1-2 landslides per sq. km and approximately 20% of the total land area of the country, which supports nearly 30% of the total nation, is subject to landslides.Landslide prone areas are located in 7 districts in and adjacent to the central highlands, and 7-9 districts located in the wet zone are prone to landslides. to wit Nuwara Eliya, Bad ulla, Kegalle, Kalutara, Kandy, Matale and recently Matara, Galle and Hambantota are prone to landslides while Ratnapura district is taking important place.(Malalgoda M, et al, ITDG South Asia, 2002)Poorna S. Yahampath, technical officer of disaster preparedness illustrated that Most of areas in Ratnapura district are affected by landslide (Figure 08)Map 2.5.1 Disaster prone districtSourcecompiled by the authorSource Poorna S. Yahampath Technical Advisor Disaster Preparedness (2008)Because of above situation in Ratnapura district National Building Research Organization (NBRO) have choose Ratnapura for launch demonstration project (landslides, frequent flooding, erosion, pollution and contamination of water resources, ground subsidence etc.2.6 Landslides in Ratnapura districtLandslides occurred in many areas such as Ratnapura, Pelmadulla, Kalawana, Nivithigala and Kahawatta in Ratnapura district. Twenty grama grass Sewa Niladhari (GSN) Divisions were affected due to landslides. Ac cording to investigations carried out by NBRO there are 135 high-risk areas, 69 medium risk areas and 67 low risk areas in the whole of Ratnapura District. The hazard analysis carried out by the Ratnapura Disaster Management Steering Committee (RDMSC) in 1999 under the SLUMDMP identified the following hazards in the order of frequency of occurrence shown as percentage on the graph below. This data reveals that Ratnapura is vulnerable to multiple hazards. According to that investigation disasters due to landslide took a 2nd place.Figure 2.6.1 multiple hazards in Ratnapura DistrictSource Asian Disaster preparedness centerTable 2.6.1 Landslides in Ratnapura districtDateDS DivisionVillageDeaths1979KuruwitaAkurana52/6/1981PelmadullaHandurukanda8/6/1981PelmadullaPathalpana kanda92/11/1983RatnapuraMihitiya1985ElapathaKohomba kanda2/6/1985KuruwitaWetumala30/5/1989NIHettikanda18/10/1993RatnapuraHelauda kanda3128/5/1994EhaliyagodaAsgangula721/6/1995BalangodaKumaragama13/10/1999KalawanaAyagama 25/10/2002BalangodaPuwakgahawela617/5/2003ElapathaPalawela5618/5/2003KalawanaPanapola2618/5/2003RatnapuraMuwagama7Source Poorna S Yahampath, UK South Asia scientist and Practitioners (2008)The landslides in Ratnapura District, Sri Lanka in May 2003 again showed the high vulnerability of the community living in the area. On 17th May 2003, Ratnapura had extremely heavy and unusual rainfall of 347.2 mm within 24 hours. Many landslide occurrences have been observed within the Ratnapura district surrounding the municipality area. Sliding of Lawulu Kella, Panapola Kanda, Muwagama Kanda were take priority. This was recorded as the most severe event. These tether landslides were the most vulnerable that have ever recorded since historically. (Asian disaster preparedness center case study on mitigating disasters in Asia and the Pacific)2.7 Reasons for landslides in Sri Lanka specially in Ratnapura districtLandslides commonly occur in connection with other major natural disasters such as ea rthquakes, volcanoes, wildfires, and floods. Landslides occur due to natural phenomena and man made activities also contributes to reactivate old landslide. Hilly area of Sri Lanka are affected or threatened by landslides when rains persist with increased intensity. Observations on rainfall data of land slide affected regions suggest that in the earlier times intensive precipitation of (200m 300m) in 24 hours triggered landslide. However, with increased human intervention the style for the occurrence of a landslide was high with a precipitation of 100 mm/ hrs. (Jayaweera S, National Building Research Organizatio)Natural phenomena can be shared in to three categories. They are geological factors, morphological factors and physical factors. Weak materials, sensitive materials, weathered materials, sheared materials, jointed or fissured materials, adversely orientated discontinuities, permeableness contrasts, material contrasts are can be identified as a geological factor. slope an gle, uplift, rebound, fluvial erosion, wave erosion, glacial erosion, erosion of lateral margins, subterranean erosion, slope loading, vegetation change are categorized as a Morphological causes. Physical factors are the factors that intense rainfall , rapid snow melt, prolonged precipitation, rapid drawdown, earthquake, volcanic eruption, thawing, freeze-thaw, shrink-swell, ground water changes.(Malalgoda M, et al, ITDG South Asia, 2002)Man made factors also directly subject to landslides. The reason for increasing man made factors is creation growth in Sri Lanka. According to Annual Report of Central Bank resent years population and density rate in Sri Lanka is higher than 2001. So this is a clear indication of the heavy pressure, particularly on agricultural lands. Environment problems will be created with population growth distribution and density. The human population destroys wildlife habitats in many ways such as due to housing, built roads clearing forests or any kind of development tracts on land. There is a close relation between demographic pressure in hilly areas growing environmental degradation and landslides. The haphazard development and inappropriate resources and land utilization, Civil constructions on hilly terrain without proper geotechnical investigation non-provision of suitable drainage systems or blockage of drainage systems and /or natural watercourses, earthwork which alters the shape of a slope are contributory factors to landslide.2.8 Socio impact of natural landslides in Sri LankaNatural disasters have a profound impact on the quality of life through their destruction of food crops and livestock, and forced dislocation of households and communities. Their toll on lives and the instant poverty they cause are among their most devastating impacts. The region accounts for a majority of the total number of deaths caused by natural disasters globally. The number of natural disasters has been increasing around the world, but the trend s in lives lost and damage caused have changed in recent years due to effective use of technology, communication and transportation systems. Over the past five decades, the average number of deaths caused annually by natural disasters was (Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2007) about 100,000 in contrast, the average over the last 15 years has been about 41,000.As low-income countries of South Asian countries consider as a more threaten counties by Natural Disasters. The sustained efforts for economic growth of those countries are often interrupted by recurrent natural disasters with considerable impact exasperating poverty conditions in different parts of the region.Since times of unrecorded history South Asian countries have been facing the onslaught of natural disasters such as floods, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides, etc. The low-income countries of South Asia i.e. Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka accommodate a large population of over a billion. The sustained efforts for economic growth of these countries are often interrupted by recurrent natural disasters with considerable impact exacerbating poverty conditions in different parts of the region. Among above that Asian Countries Sri Lanka consider as a one of main affected country by Natural disasters. Flood and landslides are most common natural disaster which has occurred in each and every year since 1981 to 2007 along with other natural disasters in Sri Lanka. Brammer, Bangladesh Country Study, 1991).Landslides and mass movements are common phenomena in Sri Lanka, from the recent past. The consequences of landslides cause in terms of casualties and extensive damage to the roads, bridges, dams, buildings, forests, paddy fields farm plots and animals. Once these events occurred in uninhabited area is only of scientific interest and not considered as a disaster. When the such events go through and injure people, hurt communities, destroy homes, make stress , cause economic hardships, make vulnerability of people such events cause disaster.Landslides hazardous operate on variable scales. In order to decreasing severity, the following threats can be recognized.Hazard to people 2. Hazards to goods3. Hazards to environment 4. Hazard to development Common impact associated with landslides is danger to life, property and infrastructure. Refugee loses their relatives and neighbors, property, houses and lands, employment opportunities, income, education and so on. The temporary accommodation areas have to share common resources a